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Indian Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945) was a national hero in his own right for his resistance against British rule in India, but his wartime affiliations with Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan left a legacy tainted by anti-Semitism, authoritarianism, and military defeat. Early in 1942, German and Indian authorities in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin, as well as Indian troops in the Indische Legion, gave Bose the title Netaji. Today, India uses it all the time.
During the British Raj, Subhas Bose was born into a wealthy and privileged Bengali family in Orissa. He was sent to England to sit the Indian Civil Service exam after graduating from college, where he had received an early Anglocentric education.
After graduating from college, he was sent to England to sit for the Indian Civil Service test. He passed the crucial first exam with honors, but declined to sit for the regular final exam, arguing that nationalism was a greater calling. After arriving back in India in 1921, Bose joined the Indian National Congress and the nationalist movement headed by Mahatma Gandhi. He succeeded Jawaharlal Nehru as leader of a faction in the Congress that was more receptive to socialism and less interested in constitutional change.In 1938, Bose was elected president of Congress. Disagreements with Gandhi and other Congress leaders emerged after his reelection in 1939, partly because of Bose's flexible stance on nonviolence and partly because of disagreements over the future federation of British India and princely states.
his ambitions to become more powerful. Bose resigned as party president and was later expelled from the Congress Working Committee following the resignation of the vast majority of its members in protest.
Born in Cuttack, which is now in the Indian state of Odisha, on January 23, 1897, Subhas Chandra Bose was the son of Bengali parents Prabhavati Bose (née Dutt) and Janakinath Bose. At the time, Cuttack was a part of the Bengal Presidency in British India. Known by her family as Mā jananī, or "mother," Prabhavati was the matriarch of the family and gave birth to her first kid at the age of 14 and 13 more thereafter. The ninth kid and sixth son was named Subhas.Jankinath was a brilliant attorney and government advocate who was devoted to the British Indian government and meticulous in his observance of the law and language . A self-made guy from the countryside outside Calcutta, he had made sure to stay connected to his origins by going back to his hometown every year for the puja holidays.
In January 1902, eager to follow in the footsteps of his five elder brothers, Subhas enrolled in the Protestant European School of the Baptist Mission in Cuttack.The bulk of the pupils at the school, who were mostly Anglo-Indians or Europeans of mixed British and Indian heritage, received all of their education in English. No Indian languages were taught; instead, the curriculum covered Latin, the Bible, excellent manners, British geography, British history, and English—both written and spoken correctly.Janakinath, who believed that both faultless English and immaculate intonation were crucial for his kids' access to the British in India, made the decision about the schoolThe school was different from Subhas's house, where everybody spoke Bengali exclusively. His mother read stories from the Mahabharata epics and worshipped the Hindu gods Durga and Kali at home.
He performed holy Bengali melodies, as well as the Ramayana. She instilled in Subhas a loving nature; he looked for opportunities to assist those in need and preferred doing household gardening to playing sports with other guys.Subhas felt he had an ordinary upbringing since his father, who was quiet and preoccupied with his work, was a remote presence amid a big family. Even yet, Janakinath was an enthusiastic reader of English literature, with some of his favorite works being Shakespeare's Hamlet, John Milton, William Cowper, and Matthew Arnold. Several of his sons went on to share his passion for the genre.
In 1913, Subhas Bose accompanied his five brothers once more to Presidency College in Calcutta, the venerable and customary institution catering to the upper caste Hindu males of Bengal. He made the decision to study philosophy, and among the Western thinkers he read were Kant, Hegel, Bergson, and others.He had made the friend Hemanta Kumar Sarkar, a confidante and fellow religious aspirant, a year before.Their bond deepened under the Presidency. They proclaimed their undying love for one another in the fantastical language of religious images.They spent several months searching for a spiritual guru to lead them over the extended summer break of 1914, when they went to northern India.Because Subhas's family was not informed in a precise manner about the trip, they believed he had fled. When the guru proved to be elusive during the journey, Subhas
Subhas contracted typhoid disease while on the journey, during which the guru turned out to be elusive.His parents were emotionally distressed by his absence, and when he returned, they both broke down. Janakinath and Subhas exchanged some heated comments. The tempers subsided only until Sarat Chandra Bose, Subhas's favorite brother, returned from his legal studies in England. After taking back office, Subhas occupied himself with his academics, student journalism, and debate.
On July 16, 1921, in the early hours of the morning, 24-year-old Subhas Bose set out to arrange up an interview with Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi, fifty-one, was the head of the non-cooperation movement that had swept over India the year before and would eventually lead to the country's independence in twenty-five years. Gandhi agreed to visit Bose that afternoon when he was in Bombay by coincidence. Many years later, Bose wrote an account of the encounter in which he ridiculed Gandhi with a series of questions. Bose believed that Gandhi gave evasive replies, had unclear aims, and a poorly thought-out method for accomplishing them. In this initial encounter, Gandhi and Bose had different views on the subject of methods; for Gandhi, nonviolent means to any purpose were not negotiable; in contrast,
Any technique might be employed to further anti-colonial goals.Their differences sprang from the matter of aims; Gandhi denounced Bose's attraction to authoritarian forms of government. According to Gordon, a historian, "Gandhi, however, set Bose on to the leader of the Congress nd Indian nationalism in Bengal, C. R. Das, and in him Bose found the leader whom he sought." Compared to Gandhi, Das was more adaptable and more understanding of the radicalism that had drawn idealistic young men like Bose to Bengal. Bose entered nationalist politics thanks to Das. Bose attempted to alter the direction of Indian National Congress politics, although he would remain involved in it for almost 20 years.
In 1922, Bose started the publication Swaraj and took over the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee's propaganda. Chittaranjan Das, an advocate of assertive nationalism in Bengal, served as his mentor. Bose was chosen in 1923 to serve as both the Bengal State Congress Secretary and the President of the Indian Youth Congress. He was appointed editor of the "Forward" journal, which Chittaranjan Das had started. When Das was elected mayor of Calcutta in 1924, Bose served as his chief executive officer at the Calcutta Municipal Corporation. Bose was detained and imprisoned the same year while leading a protest march in Calcutta alongside Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi and other activists.[Inadequate confirmation] Following a 1925 crackdown on nationalists, Bose was imprisoned.
1933–1937: Illness, Austria, Emilie Schenkl
Bose visited Indian students and European leaders, including Benito Mussolini, while traveling in Europe in the middle of the 1930s. He witnessed fascism and communism in action while observing party organization.[86] He also conducted research and published the first section of his book, The Indian Struggle, during this time, which focused on the nation's independence campaign from 1920 to 1934. Despite the book's 1935 London publication, the British authorities forbade its distribution in the colony, believing it would incite discontent.Otto Faltis of Vienna founded the Indian Central European Society, which provided Bose with assistance throughout Europe.
1937–1940: Indian National Congress
In 1938 Bose stated his opinion that the INC "should be organised on the broadest anti-imperialist front with the two-fold objective of winning political freedom and the establishment of a socialist regime." By 1938 Bose had become a leader of national stature and agreed to accept nomination as Congress President. He stood for unqualified (self-governance), including the use of force against the British. This meant a confrontation with Mohandas Gandhi, who in fact opposed Bose's presidency,splitting the Indian Nation party.
1941: Escape to Nazi Germany
Bose's arrest and subsequent release set the scene for his escape to Nazi Germany, via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. A few days before his escape, he sought solitude and, on this pretext, avoided meeting British guards and grew a beard. Late night 16 January 1941, the night of his escape, he dressed as a Pathan (brown long coat, a black fez-type coat and broad pyjamas) to avoid being identified. Bose escaped from under British surveillance from his Elgin Road house in Calcutta on the night of 17 January 1941, accompanied by his nephew Sisir Kumar Bose, later reaching Gomoh Railway Station (now Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Gomoh Station) in the then state of Bihar (now Jharkhand), India.
He journeyed to Peshawar with the help of the Abwehr, where he was met by Akbar Shah, Mohammed Shah and Bhagat Ram Talwar. Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan, a trusted friend of Akbar Shah's. On 26 January 1941, Bose began his journey to reach Russia through British India's North West frontier with Afghanistan. For this reason, he enlisted the help of Mian Akbar Shah, then a Forward Bloc leader in the North-West Frontier Province. Shah had been out of India en route to the Soviet Union, and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume. Since Bose could not speak one word of , it would make him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for the British. For this reason, Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb, and let his beard grow to mimic those of the tribesmen. Bose's guide Bhagat Ram Talwar, unknown to him, was a Soviet agent.
Supporters of the Aga Khan III helped him across the border into Afghanistan where he was met by an Abwehr unit posing as a party of road construction engineers from the Organization Todt who then aided his passage across Afghanistan via Kabul to the border with the Soviet Union. After assuming the guise of a Pashtun insurance agent ("Ziaudddin") to reach Afghanistan, Bose changed his guise and travelled to Moscow on the Italian passport of an Italian nobleman "Count Orlando Mazzotta". From Moscow, he reached Rome, and from there he travelled to Nazi Germany.Once in Russia the NKVD transported Bose to Moscow where he hoped that Russia's historical enmity to British rule in India would result in support for his plans for a popular rising in India. However, Bose found the Soviets' response disappointing and was rapidly passed over to the German Ambassador in Moscow, Count von der Schulenburg. He had Bose flown on to Berlin in a special courier aircraft at the beginning of April where he was to receive a more favourable hearing from Joachim von Ribbentrop and the Foreign Ministry officials at the Wilhelmstrasse.
1941–1943: Collaboration with Nazi Germany
In Germany, he was attached to the Special Bureau for India under Adam von Trott zu Solz which was responsible for broadcasting on the German-sponsored Azad Hind Radio He founded the Free India Center in Berlin, and created the Indian Legion (consisting of some 4500 soldiers) out of Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British in North Africa prior to their capture by Axis forces. The Indian Legion was attached to the Wehrmacht, and later transferred to the Waffen SS. Its members swore the following allegiance to Hitler and Bose: "I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and state, Adolf Hitler, as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India, whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose". This oath clearly abrogated control of the Indian legion to the German armed forces whilst stating Bose's overall leadership of India. He was also, however, prepared to envisage an invasion of India via the USSR by Nazi troops, spearheaded by the Azad Hind Legion; many have questioned his judgment here, as it seems unlikely that the Germans could have been easily persuaded to leave after such an invasion, which might also have resulted in an Axis victory in the War.
Soon, according to historian Romain Hayes, "the (German) Foreign Office procured a luxurious residence for (Bose) along with a butler, cook, gardener, and an SS-chauffeured car. Emilie Schenkl moved in openly with him. The Germans, aware of the nature of the relationship, refrained from any involvement."[ However, most of the staff in the Special Bureau for India, which had been set up to aid Bose, did not get along with Emilie.In particular Adam von Trott, Alexander Werth and Freda Kretschemer, according to historian Leonard A. Gordon, "appear to have disliked her intensely. They believed that she and Bose were not married and that she was using her liaison with Bose to live an especially comfortable life during the hard times of war" and that differences were compounded by issues of class.In November 1942, Schenkl gave birth to their daughter.
The Germans were unwilling to form an alliance with Bose because they considered him unpopular in comparison with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.By the spring of 1942, the German army was mired in the USSR. Bose, due to disappointment over the lack of response from Nazi Germany, was now keen to move to Southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories. However, he still expected official recognition from Nazi Germany. Adolf Hitler during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 refused to entertain Bose's requests and facilitated him with a submarine voyage to East Asia.
In February 1943, Bose left Schenkl and their baby daughter and boarded a German submarine to travel, via transfer to a Japanese submarine, to Japanese-occupied southeast Asia. In all, 3,000 Indian prisoners of war signed up for the Free India Legion. But instead of being delighted, Bose was worried. A left-wing admirer of Russia, he was devastated when Hitler's tanks rolled across the Soviet border. Matters were worsened by the fact that the now-retreating German army would be in no position to offer him help in driving the British from India. When he met Hitler in May 1942, his suspicions were confirmed, and he came to believe that the Nazi leader was more interested in using his men to win propaganda victories than military ones. So, in February 1943, Bose boarded a German U-boat and left for Japan. This left the men he had recruited leaderless and demoralised in Germany.
1943–1945: Japanese-occupied Asia
In 1943, after being disillusioned that Germany could be of any help in gaining India's independence, Bose left for Japan. He travelled with the German submarine U-180 around the Cape of Good Hope to the southeast of Madagascar, where he was transferred to the I-29 for the rest of the journey to Imperial Japan. This was the only civilian transfer between two submarines of two different navies in World War II.
The Indian National Army (INA) was the brainchild of Japanese Major (and post-war Lieutenant-General) Iwaichi Fujiwara, head of the Japanese intelligence unit Fujiwara Kikan. Fujiwara's mission was "to raise an army which would fight alongside the Japanese army." He first met Pritam Singh Dhillon, the president of the Bangkok chapter of the Indian Independence League, and through Pritam Singh's network recruited a captured British Indian army captain, Mohan Singh, on the western Malayan peninsula in December 1941. The First Indian National Army was formed as a result of discussion between Fujiwara and Mohan Singh in the second half of December 1941, and the name chosen jointly by them in the first week of January 1942.[115]
This was along the concept of, and with support of, what was then known as the Rash Behari Bose headed from Tokyo by expatriate nationalist leader Rash Behari Bose. The first INA was however disbanded in December 1942 after disagreements between the Hikari Kikan and Mohan Singh, who came to believe that the Japanese High Command was using the INA as a mere pawn and propaganda tool. Mohan Singh was taken into custody and the troops returned to the prisoner-of-war camp. However, the idea of an independence army was revived with the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in the Far East in 1943. In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organisation to Subhas Chandra Bose. Bose was able to reorganise the fledgling army and organise massive support among the expatriate Indian population in south-east Asia, who lent their support by both enlisting in the Indian National Army, as well as financially in response to Bose's calls for sacrifice for the independence cause. INA had a separate women's unit, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment (named after Rani Lakshmi Bai headed by Capt. Lakshmi Swaminathan, which is seen as a first of its kind in Asia.
Even when faced with military reverses, Bose was able to maintain support for the Azad Hind movement. Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians in Burma on 4 July 1944, Bose's most famous quote was "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!" In this, he urged the people of India to join him in his fight against the British Raj.Spoken in Hindi, Bose's words are highly evocative. The troops of the INA were under the aegis of a provisional government, the Azad Hind Government, which came to produce its own currency, postage stamps, court and civil code, and was recognised by nine Axis states—Germany, Japan, Italian Social Republic, the Independent State of Croatia, Wang Jingwei regime in Nanjing, China, a provisional government of Burma, Manchukuo and Japanese-controlled Philippines. Of those countries, five were authorities established under Axis occupation. This government participated in the so-called Greater East Asia Conference as an observer in November 1943.
The INA's first commitment was in the Japanese thrust towards Eastern Indian frontiers of Manipur. INA's special forces, the Bahadur Group, were involved in operations behind enemy lines both during the diversionary attacks in Arakan, as well as the Japanese thrust towards Imphal and Kohima.
The Japanese also took possession of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 1942 and a year later, the Provisional Government and the INA were established in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with Lt Col. A.D. Loganathan appointed its Governor General. The islands were renamed Shaheed (Martyr) and Swaraj (Independence). However, the Japanese Navy remained in essential control of the island's administration. During Bose's only visit to the islands in early 1944, apparently in the interest of shielding Bose from attaining a full knowledge of ultimate Japanese intentions, Bose's Japanese hosts carefully isolated him from the local population. At that time the island's Japanese administration had been torturing the leader of the island's Indian Independence League, Diwan Singh, who later died of his injuries in the Cellular Jail. During Bose's visit to the islands several locals attempted to alert Bose to Singh's plight, but apparently without success. During this time Loganathan became aware of his lack of any genuine administrative control and resigned in protest as Governor General, later returning to the Government's headquarters in Rangoon.
On the Indian mainland, an Indian Tricolour, modelled after that of the Indian National Congress, was raised for the first time in the town of Moirang, in Manipur, in north-eastern India. The adjacent towns of Kohima and Imphal were then encircled and placed under siege by divisions of the Japanese Army, working in conjunction with the Burmese National Army, and with Brigades of the INA, known as the Gandhi and Nehru Brigades. This attempt at conquering the Indian mainland had the Axis codename of Operation U-Go.
During this operation, on 6 July 1944, in a speech broadcast by the Azad Hind Radio from Singapore, Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the "Father of the Nation" and asked for his blessings and good wishes for the war he was fighting. This was the first time that Gandhi was referred to by this appellation. The protracted Japanese attempts to take these two towns depleted Japanese resources, with Operation U-Go ultimately proving unsuccessful. Through several months of Japanese onslaught on these two towns, Commonwealth forces remained entrenched in the towns. Commonwealth forces then counter-attacked, inflicting serious losses on the Axis led forces, who were then forced into a retreat back into Burmese territory. After the Japanese defeat at the battles of Kohima and Imphal, Bose's Provisional Government's aim of establishing a base in mainland India was lost forever.
Still the INA fought in key battles against the British Indian Army in Burmese territory, notable in Meiktilla, Mandalay, Pegu, Nyangyu and Mount Popa. However, with the fall of Rangoon, Bose's government ceased to be an effective political entity.A large proportion of the INA troops surrendered under Lt Col Loganathan. The remaining troops retreated with Bose towards Malaya or made for Thailand. Japan's surrender at the end of the war also led to the surrender of the remaining elements of the Indian National Army. The INA prisoners were then repatriated to India and some tried for treason.
18 August 1945: Death
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Subhas Chandra Bose's death occurred from third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese-ruled Formosa (now Taiwan).However, many among his supporters, especially in Bengal, refused at the time, and have refused since, to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death. Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have thereafter had a long shelf life,keeping alive various martial myths about Bose.
In Taihoku, at around 2:30 pm as the bomber with Bose on board was leaving the standard path taken by aircraft during take-off, the passengers inside heard a loud sound, similar to an engine backfiring.The mechanics on the tarmac saw something fall out of the plane. It was the portside engine, or a part of it, and the propeller. The plane swung wildly to the right and plummeted, crashing, breaking into two, and exploding into flames.Inside, the chief pilot, copilot and Lieutenant-General Tsunamasa Shidei, the Vice Chief of Staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army, who was to have made the negotiations for Bose with the Soviet army in Manchuria,were instantly killed. Bose's assistant Habibur Rahman was stunned, passing out briefly, and Bose, although conscious and not fatally hurt, was soaked in gasoline.When Rahman came to, he and Bose attempted to leave by the rear door, but found it blocked by the luggage.They then decided to run through the flames and exit from the front. The ground staff, now approaching the plane, saw two people staggering towards them, one of whom had become a human torch.The human torch turned out to be Bose, whose gasoline-soaked clothes had instantly ignited.Rahman and a few others managed to smother the flames, but also noticed that Bose's face and head appeared badly burned.According to Joyce Chapman Lebra, "A truck which served as ambulance rushed Bose and the other passengers to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku."The airport personnel called Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon-in-charge at the hospital at around 3 pm. Bose was conscious and mostly coherent when they reached the hospital, and for some time thereafter. Bose was naked, except for a blanket wrapped around him, and Dr. Yoshimi immediately saw evidence of third-degree burns on many parts of the body, especially on his chest, doubting very much that he would live. Dr. Yoshimi promptly began to treat Bose and was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta.According to historian Leonard A. Gordon, who interviewed all the hospital personnel later,
Soon, in spite of the treatment, Bose went into a coma.A few hours later, between 9 and 10 pm (local time) on Saturday, 18 August 1945, Bose died aged 48.
Bose's body was cremated in the main Taihoku crematorium two days later, 20 August 1945.On 23 August 1945, the Japanese news agency Do Trzei announced the death of Bose and Shidea. On 7 September a Japanese officer, Lieutenant Tatsuo Hayashida, carried Bose's ashes to Tokyo, and the following morning they were handed to the president of the Tokyo Indian Independence League, Rama Murti.On 14 September a memorial service was held for Bose in Tokyo and a few days later the ashes were turned over to the priest of the Renkōji Temple of Nichiren Buddhism in Tokyo.There they have remained ever since.
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